National Healthcare Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

National Healthcare Insurance - Essay Example John Stuart Mill conception of liberty correlates liberty of discussion and thought, individuality as an element of well-being, and limits to societal authority over individuals. Mill develops harm theory by establishing a principle, which isolates an area within which individuals are free from interference in developing their individuality through experiments and free choices in their livelihoods. Mill emphasis the point that individual liberty is by right absolute with concern on matters regarded as harmless to other people and that individual enjoys absolute liberty of choice among purely self-regarding acts. Mill’s concept of liberty revolves around the idea that liberty is essential in ensuring subsequent progress of the society and the individual, especially in the case where the society is more important than the state. This scenario is only possible in circumstances where the rulers only represent the interests of the ruled, or a perfect representative democracy withou t any opposition between the ruler and the ruled (McKenna and Feingold 61). In such a surrounding, the liberty of an individual is attainable, but not guaranteed. Mill’s concept of liberty digs into moral theories, highlighting the happiness of the individual as the only important thing. Such happiness is only achievable in a civilized society where people freely engage in their own interests, with their skills and capabilities developed through a good education system. In this regard therefore, Mill advocates for the fundamental importance of individuality and personal development, both for the development of the society and the individual for progress in the future. Michael Walzer’s theory of distributive justice presents a pluralistic and particularistic approach to equality. He argues that the principles of a society should follow the historical and cultural setting of that society, that is, universal principles of justice does not exist, that distribution of diffe rent social goods should follow different principles, and that these different principles display different meanings of social goods that are products of cultural and historical particularistic approach. Walzer further argues that each social good constitutes its own distributive sphere, with every sphere being autonomous. This is to say that social goods from one sphere should not intrude another sphere. Walzer’s major concern on progression to complex equality emphasizes on dominance in a particular sphere of justice and not (principally) on the basis of the monopoly in that given sphere. Walzer’s arrangement of human affairs in establishing equality imposes the condition that the distribution of a social good in one sphere must not lead to conversion of that particular social good into another sphere. An example is the possession of power in the political sphere, which for the purpose of equality, should not enable the politician to convert the power to wealth, whic h is in a different sphere. As long as the conversion is impossible, equality is achievable despite the distribution of a social good in any one sphere (McKenna and Feingold 132). Walzer views the human society as a distributive community where the multiplicity of goods meets the multiplicity of distributive processes and procedures. Therefore, to create a just distributive procedure or principle requires complex equality rather than simple equality. This forms what he calls a complex egalitarian society. The reduction of dominance has preference over the breakdown of monopoly in his concept. His critique on

The Teaching Profession Essay Example for Free

The Teaching Profession Essay Teaching is described by different teachers in various ways and one which made an impact to me is that, â€Å"Teaching is the noblest of all profession†. My cousin, Ms. Gertrudes is now a mathematics teacher in Muntinlupa city. We studied in the same university where we shared together many great things including teaching. According to her, teaching is the most noble among all the professions since all professionals underwent education with a teacher. Through the internet I arranged an interview with Ms. Gertrudes where I gained more insights about her view of teaching as a noble profession, furthermore it opened up a new realization on teaching in relation to our society today. From this point of view, I will lay the foundation of my reflection on the interview with basic education teachers. How teachers mould the minds and hearts of every learner reflects the kind of society we have. Inside our classroom for instance, fast track students represent various responsibilities in the society – teachers, nurse, house wife, policeman, and engineer, among others. Some of us are passive and some are active, having different background and different reactions, yet we were here for the desire to learn how to teach. The teacher not only facilitates learning but could influence the mind of future politicians, engineers, doctors, policemen, priests and nuns, educators, legislators, and ordinary citizens among others. In an interview with Ms. Mondragon she said, â€Å"I considered it (teaching) as a means for which God used me as an instrument to touch lives and in the process, I myself is transformed by my students’ lives†. Indeed, teaching and learning is a collaborative process which exemplifies the unification of a problematic society that we are experiencing now, yet continuously striving through difficult times in finding solutions to the problems. A teacher must assume this tremendous responsibility if we still aspire for a more livable society: a responsibility to be formed and be transformed so as to form and to transform the lives of people. A teacher seeks to transcend the ordinary limits of him or her by allowing the ultimate good to use that life as an agent of transformation. This role of a teacher is highly dignified as Ms. Gertrudes puts it, â€Å"every individual is a prime mover in our society however, the teacher is noblest since he or she teaches how to be noble†. Such phenomenon in teaching and learning permeates from one individual to the other like a hoop that never end as Henry Adams once said, â€Å"A teacher affects eternity; no one knows where his influence stops† . A society consisting of good citizens, according to Socrates is a good society, and the highest end of every individual is to become good. Aspiring to be an educator is learning to become a good student first. Only in this manner I understand that learning is a process of becoming; a good teacher influences students to become good if not the best teachers to become educators of a society who stretches its vision farther towards the future. However, going through this process is a painful one. An intricate silk cloth is not made overnight such as an effective teacher is a result of years upon years of rigorous training. Evidences of this are testimonies of teachers especially those at the beginning years of teaching who would describe teaching as â€Å"difficult†, â€Å"not easy to be an adviser†, â€Å"a thankless career†, or â€Å"challenging† among others. In a conversation with Sir Sapul he said, â€Å"†¦it is not even acceptable that a teacher ca n commit mistakes, in class or outside†. It is a reality that the society has set the highest standards of how they would look at teachers – they should be perfect. It is an expectation that every individual is called for but the challenge is directed specifically for teachers to respond. I believe that each one shares the same responsibility to strive-to-learn to become a better person who is humble enough to accept undergoing a painful process – a process which describes the beauty of our purpose. The more experienced teachers would say, â€Å"I choose teaching as a profession for love of the youth†, â€Å"the early formation of the youth is important to prepare the future of the nation and the church†, â€Å"teaching is my ministry†, â€Å"teaching is my passion†. Teaching for them is a mission already carved in the soul of a teacher, a value system stabilized through time†¦how beautiful! The younger ones will marvel in the same path as they go along the way saying, â€Å"it is my destiny†, â€Å"I want to help children to become better persons and be successful in their life†, â€Å"I be lieve that teaching is God’s plan for me†, â€Å"I can change the life of every person especially the younger generation†, â€Å"this is what I want, this is what my heart says†. Life will eventually give more meaning to every heart’s desire as it grow and ripen in due season. When that time comes, a teacher only counts his or her blessings and continues to grow in grace. The entire life cycle of a teacher, can be likened to a butterfly. One has to be an egg and undergo the stages to become an adult. Weeks after gloriously fluttering its wings the butterfly dies leaving behind new eggs, but a teacher on the other hand is immortalized by the life that he or she have led. The teacher takes the more crucial role in shaping the individual human person and the world. As the famous saying goes, â€Å"you cannot give what you do not have† therefore, every teacher has to be well prepared for that great endeavor that lies ahead. The domain of personal growth and professional development in the NCBTS emphasizes the ideal that teachers value a high personal regard, concern for personal development, and continuous improvement as teachers. According to Corpuz and Salandanan, â€Å"the personality that teachers project determines the impression they make upon students and colleagues†. Asking some teachers about their idea of how students perceive them they responded, â€Å"well prepared†, â€Å"has principles†, â€Å"strict†, â€Å"loveable and caring†, â€Å"patient†, â€Å"honest†, â€Å"sympathetic†, â€Å"approachable†, â€Å"friendly†, â€Å"possesses a good sense of humor†, â€Å"punctual†, â€Å"dynamic and creative†, and â€Å"compassionate†. These responses determine the teacher’s self-awareness in relation to his or her work and to his or her role in the society. Through the course of the process, a teacher accumulates values that he or she feels important to be nurtured and to be developed. Teacher responses include hard work, compassion, creativity, simplicity, service, responsibility, commitment, patience, honesty, generosity, kindness, humility, love, commitment, tenacity, courage, and self-discipline. These are personal values that they wanted to have as teachers yet in the interview, they mentioned that teachers should possess attributes to become an effective teacher: A teacher should have integrity and good moral values. A teacher should be able to motivate in making the students able to love the subjects. A teacher should have passion for teaching. A teacher must be full of energy and enthusiasm. A teacher should be globally competitive, flexible and work oriented. A teacher should be honest, hard working, generous, committed and dedicated. A teacher should have love for students. The teacher has personal values that they uphold but it is also very important that we hear from the students what they value from their teachers since it is the learning of students which is the foremost concern of teachers, only that the process of learning is controlled primarily by the learner as pointed out by Corpuz and Salandanan. â€Å"In order to teach effectively a teacher should consider certain principles of teaching and learning. The principal elements that make teaching and learning possible and attainable are the teachers, the learners, and a conducive learning environment. The learner is different from one another in terms of their demonstration of cognitive and appetitive powers, multiple intelligences and varied learning styles, children with special needs and children of indigenous people’s group†. This is the reason why a teacher should have a good stock of positive personal and professional attributes to be geared up for battle. A teacher to be effective must possess a sense of service as a professional teacher, dedicated to the job and wave that missionary spirit since the teacher himself or herself is one of the elements in making learning attainable. As Ms. Mondragon quoted St. Marie Eugenie of Jesus, â€Å"Education is allowing the good to break through the rock that imprisons it in order to shed its radiance†. It is not only the student that is imprisoned in the rock but sometimes a teacher lacking in proper preparation for the life of a teacher is imprisoned in steel, when the students are free enough, they absorb the negativities that they are exposed into and their light fade out altogether. But an accomplished teacher would say, â€Å"I am a successful teacher since I see my former students effecting change in the lives of people they are working with†. It is indeed a personal commitment that a teacher should develop a philosophy of his or her own. According to Sir Montilla, â€Å"Education is a journey towards a holistic and vibrant transformation within a human person. Molding and preparing one’s life to be more equipped, outfitted, and comprehensive towards the pedestal of success, with strong conviction to the triune God in contributing for the betterment of the community and for the progress of society†. As the famous saying goes, â€Å"the journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step† such that personal change is required in order to move forward towards the ladder of success; offer to God all accomplishments, and create concern for the development of the society. Another teacher said, â€Å"Every individual is able to strive for success in their academic performance and their life†. It is difficult to fathom what one child is capable of, the assessment and evaluation in school are but ways to estimate what the child is capable of having in that specific moment. When a child is free, he or she is able to soar in great heights unimaginable to us. If we allow a child to dream, we allow him to see what he or she is capable to dream and so we guide them that they develop trust in themselves until they will one day realize that dream. Sir Soriano has this to say, â€Å"Teaching is in the heart of the educational process†. The educational process to me is an extensive continuum which extends throughout an individual’s life span. It involves things that we can say about learning and teaching. The very core of it is on the process itself. Such process allows us to experience the joy, the pain, fears, difficulties, danger, yet we strive to redeem ourselves and rise beyond our own limits. As to Bro. Beuchesne, â€Å"Every person is a child of God, who has the right to be respected and properly educated, to develop his particular talent and use them for the betterment of society†. Our life is like a web or a fabric the thread of which are intricately arranged so that each one touches the other, its beauty is seen only as a whole. Each thread is as important as another, just as every individual has its own role in the society which affects the others and as much important as the other; even the flap of a butterfly affects the universe how much more with a human person! Every individual is a gift from God that should be taken cared. There are ways that are done differently by one another which needs to be guided, respected and accepted. Teaching is: loving the learner. I can say that as a student, if the teacher makes me feel important, I can learn better and most inspired. Learning to me is a lifelong process that improves with time. The goal of the teacher is to give the best he or she can and become an inspiration to learn. In a society such as we have, a greater responsibility lies on the hands of a teacher who is committed and competent in facilitating the learning of every unique individual human person. Enormous passion coupled with positive personal attributes and an undying missionary spirit is necessary for a teacher to sustain himself in answering the call to render valuable service and in influencing the students to love learning. As Saint Jean-Baptist de la Salle have said, â€Å"To touch the hearts of your students and to inspire them with the Christian spirit is the greatest miracle you could perform, and the one that God asks of you, since this is the purpose of your work.† We can try to look at what is happening in our society today and I am personally sad to see it being destroyed subtly. If not now, maybe one day we will realize the contribution we made for that destruction. As a responsible teacher would do, a personal reflection is called for to ponder upon the role of the teacher that shaped this society we have today. Can the teachers redeem themselves in their role of reshaping our society? Indeed, only those who retained the zeal for the mission of teaching will carry on the spirit, and it is sad that they are only few.

The Role Of Macronutrients

The Role Of Macronutrients In developed countries such as the UK, diets and lifestyles have changed dramatically since the end of the Second World War. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the principal cause of death among adult men and women accounting for approximately ninety four thousand deaths (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). The increase in the incidence of CVD is supported by evidence which suggests that the leading factors contributing to this condition are obesity, high blood pressure, psychological stress, poor cardiovascular system health, an unsuitable diet and tobacco and drug use (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003; BBC heath website; De Lorgeril et al, 1999). 33% of all deaths are believed to be caused by CVD with developing countries hit the hardest (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003) It is possible too that the developing world which includes countries like China, India, some middle east countries, A frica and South America will suffer large effect sizes in the incidence of CVD in the future. Macronutrients that increase the risk of CVD Various fatty acids including LDL cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) sometimes called saturated fatty acids, have been highlighted by many types of study as increasing the incidence of CVD among samples of the populations tested (De Lorgeril et al 1999; Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003; BBC heath website, 2011). High blood cholesterol levels and CVD are strongly and positively correlated (BBC health website, 2011). Amongst these, myristic acid and palmitric acid have been found to increase the risk of CVD and are abundant in foods such as diary and meat products. Myristic acid is a common saturated fatty acid and can be found is foods such as coconut milk and butter oil as well as in animal fats. Palmitric acid is another saturated fatty acid and is commonly found in plant and animal fats as well as butter, cheese, milk and some meats. Trans-fatty acids are another risk factor for CVD and are found in the form of a monounsaturate and a polyunsatura te and have been found to increase LDL cholesterol (BBC health website, 2011). Folate (vitamin B9) and homocysteine (a  homologue the amino acid cysteine) have both been found to be risk factors for CVD (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). However, both folic acid and homocysteine may be a consequence and not a cause of conditions such as arthrosclerosis (De Lorgeril et al, 1999; Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). High sodium content in the diet has been strongly correlated with CVD (De Lorgeril et al 1999; Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003; BBC heath website, 2011). High blood pressure associated with excessive ingestion of sodium salts has been shown in many studies to be a predictor of myocardial infarction and subsequently increases the probability of both types of stroke with the greatest risk being among the male obese populations (BBC heath website; De Lorgeril et al 1999; Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). Macronutrients that decrease the risk of CVD Foods such as fresh vegetables, fruits, fish oils have been found to be effective in reducing the risk of CVD (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003; De Lorgeril et al 1999; BBC heath website). Polyunsaturated vegetable oils such as linoleic acid have been found to be promoters of low risk for CVD (De Lorgeril et al 1999; BBC heath website). Some fibres consist of polysaccharides and lignin which is a constituent of plant cells walls and aids water transport and structure. These types of fibre along with more traditional celluloses have been found to reduce the incidence of LDLs as part of a regular diet (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). Wholegrains are another type of fibre that has in clinical trials been found to reduce the risk of CVD, this type of fibre is abundant in the cereal crops. Antioxidants are found in fresh fruit and vegetable and have been suggested to reduce the risk of CVD (Diet, nutrition and the preven tion of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003; De Lorgeril et al 1999; BBC heath website) however the evidence for this is not strong and the decreased risk of CVD may be due to other nutrients present in the food. For example, vitamin C, E and beta-carotene have all been studied for their potential positive effects on individuals at risk from myocardial infarction and stroke. The results of this research are as yet however inconclusive (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). Flavonoids are also present in many plants and display anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). A negative correlation has been found between some flavonoids and incidence of CVD although methodological problems have been mentioned in such studies (Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). Potassium salts have been found in a number of cohort studies to be a protec tive factor in CVD an may measurably decrease systolic and diastolic blood pressure (De Lorgeril et al 1999; Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003). Some of these studies found an inverse relationship between risk of a stroke and potassium salt ingestion as part of a regularly monitored diet. The essential fatty acids such as omega-3 have been found to be conducive to the reduction in the risk of CVD for a number of reasons including reducing triglycerides (a VLDL) which is associated with high incidence of atherosclerosis, heart disease and stroke (De Lorgeril, 1999). Omega 3 is an unsaturated fatty acid found in oily fish such as tuna and herring, other beneficial cardiovascular effects may be reduced blood clotting (helping to reduce aneurisms and other blockages) and possibly promoting heart beat regulation (BBC health website, 2011). Stanols and sterols are plant derived esters which have been found to reduce levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood supply of sample populations (BBC website, 2011). These types of esters can be found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, and vegetable oils and may help to reduce previously high levels of cholesterol. Moderate levels of alcohol have been found in some studies to reduce the risk of CVD (BBC website, 2011). This beneficial effect however is based upon the consumption of the no more than the recommended daily limit for a person of a given weight, height and age (BBC website, 2011). Alcohol ingestion has been correlated with increases in the beneficial HDL cholesterol. Pathophysiological processes that occur in relation to macronutrients and CVD The major pathophysiological change that may occur in the human body in relation to macronutrients or lack of is cardiovascular disease which may also be associated with obesity and diabetes (Poirier et al, 2006). Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arterial system in which the arterial vessels become blocked due to a build up of the LDL fats (atheromas or atherosclerotic plaques) which accumulate inside the epithelium of the vessel walls thus reducing the blood flow and increasing the risk of infarction (Merck medical library, 2008). All the factors already mentioned above have been strongly linked to atherosclerosis (tobacco smoke, long term saturated fat ingestion, diabetes, lack of exercise, stress and excessive levels of cholesterol in the blood supply). The vital organs are particularly vulnerable (heart, kidneys brain) as well as some not so vital areas like the arteries of the legs. (Merck medical library, 2008; Poirier et al, 2006). Subtle repeated injury to the arterial sys tem appears to be the main developmental factor leading to atherosclerosis, the artery gradually becomes thicker and loses its elastic ability, this leads to a situation where the blood is restricted and the heart is placed under greater and greater pressure due to the resistance in the increasingly furred arteries (Merck medical library, 2008; Poirier et al, 2006). This effect can be compounded by obesity and diabetes which interfere with circulation and metabolism and may even lead to infection (Merck medical library, 2008; Poirier et al, 2006). Atherosclerosis can be recognised histologically when arterial walls creates endocrine signals that cause monocytes and T cells to accumulate within the affected artery. Monocytes and T cells move into the wall of the artery where they are signalled to turn into another type of cell, foam cells. Foam cells accumulate cholesterol and trigger growth of smooth muscle cells in the artery wall. These foam cells form patchy deposits and are cove red with a fibrous cap. Over time calcium accumulates in these plaques. Plaques normally form where the arteries branch and over time cause such a stress upon the cardiovascular system that it may suddenly fail (usually bought on by a combination of high blood pressure, bad diet and obesity) or a major blockage may form causing a stroke (Merck medical library, 2008; Poirier et al, 2006; Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, WHO, 2003; De Lorgeril et al 1999; BBC heath website).

The Great Pyramid of Giza :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

The Great Pyramid of Giza The pyramids of Ancient Egypt are as fascinating and intriguing, as they are breathtaking. Egyptologists and historians have long debated the question of who built the pyramids, and for what reason. There are many different and often conflicting theories in regard to the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza. When turning back the pages of history, it is discovered that a number of theories have been developed to explain the presence of such a significant historical landmark. "Theories vary from a tomb for a king, to a special chemical factory, a beacon for extraterrestrial aircraft's, a stone form of the Bible, a possible way to contact a Higher Being and a stone announcement of the second coming of Christ..." (Schillings, M. : 1999 : Sheet 1). Such examples of varying controversial theories have sparked a number of speculations to the mystery of the Great Pyramid of Giza. According to traditional Egyptology, the Great Pyramid of Giza was built by Egyptian pharaoh Khufu during the Fourth Dynasty around "...the year 2560 BCE..." (Schillings, M. : 1999 : Sheet 1). It has been suggested that the Egyptian civilisation succeeded in establishing a complex and organised work force of people to create and build an astonishing burial tomb for the pharaoh in aid of his journey to the afterlife. However, contrary to this suggestion, one must ask why the modern Egyptians continue to rely on traditional beliefs and attitudes to explain the presence of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Could this be the prefect example of nationalistic views? It could be argued that as a result of the continual spread of Egyptian hearsay, the Egyptians obtained the understanding that the entire civilisation - past and present - is somehow superior in status to that of the average mortal man. Undoubtedly, in modern times, the world has gained an increased awareness of the uncertainties that surround investigations into such a distant past. Despite several emerging historical puzzles and conclusions, modern Egyptians continue to adhere to the theory presented by traditional Egyptology. The sheer size, the huge proportions and the amazing geographical positioning of the pyramid have greatly contributed to the rise of uncertainty as to it's origin and purpose. The construction of the pyramid was no mean feat, regardless of the creator. Considering the fact that the pyramid is "...thirty times larger than the Empire State Building.

The Links Between Growth And Energy Consumption Environmental Sciences Essay

Melting glaciers, lifting sea degrees, an addition in mean planetary temperature, and unnatural precipitation forms have started to do planetary warming an evident world throughout the past decennary. Meanwhile, increasing gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) remains the cardinal mark of the universe ‘s economic development scheme. In many states, GDP growing is tied closely to increasing energy strength. Unless economic growing is decoupled from increased energy ingestion, the horn of plenty of nursery gases in the ambiance and the subsequent consequence of planetary heating will halter political and societal facets of the universe ‘s activities today. Harmonizing to the Alliance to Save Energy, â€Å" energy efficiency is the quickest, cheapest, cleanest manner to widen our universe ‘s energy supplies. † Because enormous energy losingss occur in the out-of-date substructure, energy efficient solutions that can assist uncouple economic growing from wasteful en ergy usage must be applied. Tamil Nadu is a fast developing province that supports a population of over 6 million people. With the addition in population comes an addition in demand for basic comfortss that include H2O, shelter and lifestyle demands. The growing in population should be supported with a attendant rise in the Gross Domestic Product of the province for the province to be self sufficient in footings of its resources. However, unlike the population, resources do non increase exponentially and therefore, the displacement in the demographic profile of the province will further increase the demand for non-renewable supplies. This calls for the efficient usage of available resources so that a dearth free hereafter can be attained in footings of energy and H2O demands. The province ‘s Annual Plan shows that every twelvemonth, around 1,94,351 hundred thousand rupees is being spent for bring forthing and keeping power supplies. The ratio of this demand to the other disbursals of the province is listed in the tabular array below. Efficient usage of available energy will assist cut down this outgo and this money can be channeled to other constructive strategies such as instruction or the wellness sectors that warrant more budget allotments. Harmonizing to the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , energy strength in high because of two grounds â€Å" higher losingss in the supply concatenation and inefficient usage. † ( IEA 2003 ) . Implementing energy efficiency steps in substructure is a guaranteed method for bring forthing energy and fiscal nest eggs from edifices, warming, H2O supply, sewerage, and street lighting substructure. Energy efficiency in H2O supply systems is particularly good: nest eggs are accrued in H2O every bit good as energy, cut downing costs while bettering service. Efficiency in the proviso of energy and H2O is one of the few cost-efficient options available for run intoing turning demands for critical services such as electricity, H2O and effluent intervention. Energy efficiency retrofits contribute to improved wellbeing of the population, client service and payment aggregation. If increasing energy efficiency is seen as a end on a nation-wide graduated table, it can besides lend to a state ‘s energy security, be it energy exporting or energy importation. Presently, substructure is outdated. In visible radiation of the uproar over planetary clime alteration and the lifting tendency in green investing, pulling attending to energy efficiency is a timely and valuable chance. There are legion illustrations of successful energy efficiency undertakings to back up the averment that efficiency betterments yield cost-efficient benefits. Such illustrations were highlighted in the Commonwealth of Independent States † held in Moscow, Russia 13-14 November 2006. This demonstrates that due to miss of professional edifice direction, economic inducements for rational energy ingestion and metering, much energy and fiscal resources that can otherwise be usedare being wasted ( Sivaev 2006 ) . Power Grid of the province: LENGTH OF EHT/HT LINES, DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS AND EHT/HT SUB STATIONS 2008-09 Tamil Nadu has a power grid that has a entire affiliated burden of 41,713 million units of electricity which is distributed throughout the province for domestic, commercial, industrial, public utilities, agribusiness, grip and railroads. The per centum of energy ingestion for each of these intents in enlisted in the tabular array below. Consumption OF ELECTRICITY 2008-09 A really little proportion of the generated power is sold to other provinces. Among the sum split up explained above, the highest per centum of power ingestion is by the domestic sector after the industrial ingestion. The power grid of the province caters to 1,36,64,219 families with a power burden of 15,599 million units as per the main applied scientists be aftering study, TNEB, Chennai for the twelvemonth 2009. The sum of electricity for the other sectors is besides detailed in the undermentioned tabular array. Consumers AND CONNECTED LOAD The hereafter of lodging and shelter are houses that are designed to increase the energy efficiency and environmental public presentation. The long-run aim is to transform the lodging market to one in which a bulk of residential new building in the province is â€Å" net zero-energy † i.e. highly efficient edifices whose low energy demands can be met by on-site renewable energy coevals. It is critical to back up the passage to a residential new building energy codification that favours energy preservation criterions to guarantee a better tomorrow ( Building Science Consortium, 2009 ) . Power Dearth in Tamil Nadu: To understand the nature of the power famine in tamilnadu, it is critical to understand the beginning of the power that is generated. In tamilnadu the net energy generated comes from the thermic workss, hydro-electric workss, Wind/Solar energy generated within the province. However this histories for merely around half the demand of the province, and therefore the remainder is purchased from the cardinal sectors, CPP and private sectors. The split up of the generated power is shown in the undermentioned figure. There are a figure of market barriers to efficiency investings in new building, viz. : conflicting design standards, deficiency of information sing the benefits of efficiency and environmental public presentation on the portion of consumers, builders, loaners, valuators, Realtors and others, limited proficient accomplishments on the portion of some of the builders and their subcontractors to turn to cardinal elements of efficiency ; and inability of consumers, loaners, valuators and others to distinguish between efficient and standard places. Low-carbon energy in edifices Low-carbon energy issues in the built environment have been a cardinal focal country for REEEP since the G8 Gleneagles Plan of Action in 2005, which called for REEEP to make more work in the countries of energy efficiency in edifices. Since so, REEEP has been back uping both energy efficiency and the integrating of renewable energy in edifices, holding supported six undertakings and committed about a‚ ¬0.6 million in this infinite. The REEEP-supported undertakings in low- C energy have covered four states: China, Fiji, South Africa, and India. Some of the cardinal enterprises supported by REEEP include the followers: Financing the publicity of energy efficiency in China by Energy Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission ; Promotion of energy efficiency in the cordial reception sector in Fiji by the Greenlight Technology Group ; Policies and ordinances for constructing energy efficiency in Bangalore, India, by the Energy and Resources Institute ( ERI ) . Cardinal lessons from REEEP ‘s experience in low-carbon energy in edifices include the followers: Solar level home base aggregators are a mature, appropriate, financially feasible, and ready engineering for a large-scale rollout in developing states ( Winkler, 2007 ) . Appliance criterions and labels are a really effectual policy and regulative instrument. Their function will increase as people in developing states progressively get energy-consuming equipment such as iceboxs, air conditioners, rinsing machines, etc. There is besides a demand to spread out the range of criterions and labels to include thermic energy contraptions such as gas room warmers and gas cookery ranges. The direct and indirect subsidies on electricity and warming fuels are a major barrier to accomplishing low-carbon energy passage in edifices in developing states ( Srivastava and Rehman, 2006 ) . Reform of administered monetary values and rationalization of subsidies in electricity and fuels are a pre-requisite to accomplishing important additions in energy efficiency and renewable energy in the built environment ( Johannson and Goldemberg, 2002 ) . Cardinal lessons from REEEP ‘s experiences in low-carbon energy policy include the followers: The figure of people populating in urban Centres in developing states is increasing, and more urban Centres are being developed. Cities and towns provide a good chance to passage to a low-carbon energy system through a focussed, area-based attack. Low-carbon energy planning demands to be integrated into urban planning and should cover subjects such as transit, edifice, and H2O supply every bit good as electricity and heat. Policy instruments such as feed-in-tariffs have helped in increasing the portion of renewable energy in electricity systems. However, feed-in-tariffs should be carefully designed to guarantee economic efficiency and long-run nutriment of the renewable energy market. Feed-in-tariffs are non relevant to off-grid energy systems, thermic energy, or energy efficiency market development. Mechanisms such as command systems and certificate systems ( renewable energy certifications, white/EE certifications, etc. ) provide an alternate market-based mechanism, but new institutional models should still be established before they can be implemented. Buildings energy public presentation criterions and codifications are cardinal policy instruments for low-carbon energy passage in edifices. Corporate policy and corporate societal duty have non played a important function in low-carbon energy grade development in developing states. As traditional and new concerns grow in developing states, the function of corporate policy will increase, comparative to authorities policies. Several describing enterprises, such as the Carbon Disclose Project ( CDP ) supported this determination. Single household and joint-family places can both profit if the place is designed to be energy efficient. An of import restriction is constructing â€Å" Low-cost Housing † regardless of their location. Larger places as in places designed for joint households are likely to inherently utilize more energy, and advancing energy efficient lodging allows entire place energy usage to turn with size ( Building Science Consortium, 2009 ) . A concerted selling offer for take parting builders will drive homebuyer demand for measure uping places. An aggressive consumer focused selling run will be indispensable to keep builder engagement ( and hence market portion ) . Areas for research in residential new building may include the public presentation metering of plan places and optimized new place designs for important decrease or riddance of chilling energy requirements.it is besides critical to see chances to beg originative proposals for pilot-scale publicities associated with the development of energy efficient places. Energy ingestion metres and monitoring will be built into these places to enable future trailing of existent public presentation. To run into the challenges of a slow residential new building lodging market, increased energy criterions, reward high public presentation places, passage to a market-based, place energy rater web, the undermentioned plan schemes and tactics are being proposed: Carbon footmark labelling for high public presentation places, making consumer consciousness and demand, distinguishing builders in the turning â€Å" green edifice † consciousness of consumers. It is critical to pull media attending to relevant undertakings and associated nest eggs realized by occupants, particularly for place undertakings, which incorporate both energy efficiency and renewable energy engineerings ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildingscience.com ) . Further, it is of import to construct relationships with residential builders through educational seminars and preparation to increase higher public presentation edifice patterns and to assist construct a Green Workforce. Energy-efficient places help lower energy costs, addition affordability, addition lastingness, and better wellness and safety. High public presentation places cut down impact on the environment. It is a call for every place to be a portion of the solution for sustainable life to assist battle planetary heating. Feature narratives concentrating on energy and fiscal nest eggs, new engineerings ( solar ) , and environmentally sound edifice patterns herald a new epoch of efficient places. Homes that feature new energy-saving engineerings, renewable energy, and really high public presentation places, in footings of their energy evaluation and decreased environmental impact give us a promise for a better life in the hereafter ( Home Energy Magazine ( for residential consu mers ) , 2008 ) . Increased consciousness of green and sustainable life patterns, and impact of C footmark decrease, greater consciousness of residential indoor air quality, wellness and safety issues for better life, publicity of energy rescuer programs to cut down energy use 20 % back uping the increased development of a green work force by advancing green occupation preparation are critical stairss towards accomplishing an ecofriendly building civilization. The current economic uncertainness may stamp down Numberss of energy efficient places, peculiarly if occupants are non good educated on the benefits of such places. As such, the consciousness of energy efficient places among Realtors and residential place buyers/builders remains comparatively low ( Home Energy Magazine ( for residential consumers ) , 2008 ) . Energy Efficient Strategies in edifices: Energy efficiency steps require capacity-building attempts to authorise establishments and persons to implement energy-saving plans and do energy-saving determinations. Examples of capacity edifice include set uping energy audit processs and hearer preparation plans, developing systems to track energy ingestion forms and set up benchmarks, set uping energy direction systems, making enfranchisement systems for energy practicians, developing energy direction guidelines, and easing engineering transportation. Passive Solar Passive solar systems integrate solar air heating engineerings into a edifice ‘s design. Buildings are designed with stuffs that absorb or reflect solar energy to keep comfy indoor air temperatures and supply natural daytime. Floors and walls can be designed to absorb and retain heat during warm yearss and let go of it during cool eventides. Sunspaces operate like nurseries and gaining control solar heat that can be circulated throughout a edifice. Trombe walls are thick walls that are painted black and made of a stuff that absorbs heat, which is stored during the twenty-four hours and released at dark. Passive solar designs can besides chill edifices, utilizing blowholes, towers, window overhangs, and other attacks to maintain edifices cool in warm climes ( Doug Rye, 2010 ) . Air Waterproofing Air sealing the place â€Å" envelope † and sealing air distribution canals are two of import steps for energy efficiency and indoor air quality. The greatest air escape waies are at the margin of the floor line and in air distribution ducts/returns. Air escape besides occurs at incursions for plumbing, illuming, wiring and around chimney pursuits. Conditioned air leaking from canals can do the full house to pull outside air. This replacing air must be conditioned on a go oning footing, increasing energy usage. Merchandises for sealing air escape in place building include froth sealer for wiring holes in the top home bases of walls ; caulk for clefts and crannies ; weather-stripping for doors and Attic hatches ; and backer rod or rope caulk for make fulling window/door shim infinites. Insulation Some insularity merchandises perform dual responsibility by air sealing and insulating in topographic points where they are applied. As the thickness of an insulating stuff additions, so does effectiveness or R-value. However, if air flows through the insularity, or finds a tract around the insularity, the insulating consequence is greatly reduced. That ‘s why air sealing the edifice envelope before insulating is of import. Types of Insulation Cellulose: R-value is about 3.4 to 3.8 per inch. Cellulose, which is made from recycled newspaper, is blown moistness into unfastened wall pits and sometimes blown dry in the Attic. Boric acid, an additive in cellulose insularity, increases fire opposition, repels insects, and helps forestall mold growing. Cellulose should be blown at a denseness of around 3 to 3.2 lbs per three-dimensional pes to assist forestall subsiding and for enhanced air sealing. Mention to the coverage chart on each bag and cognize how many bags are installed. Fiberglass: R-value for batts is about 3.1 to 4.3 per inch. Compaction of batts will do a decrease in R-value. Fiberglass insularity provides small decrease in air escape, but when combined with extended air sealing patterns can be really effectual. Some new methods of put ining fibreglass include a more heavy high R-value application utilizing an adhesive binding agent and a nonwoven cloth for keeping. Spray-in-place froth: R-Value scopes around 3 to 4 for unfastened cell froth and about 6 to 7 per inch for closed cell froth. Foams have high value for insulating and have excellent air sealing belongingss. However, spray-in-place froth has a higher initial cost. Flammability and burning features of froth merchandises vary harmonizing to the chemical preparation, burning temperature, and available air. WINDOWS, DOORS AND SKYLIGHTS For energy efficiency and comfort, choose ENERGY STAR Windowss, doors, and fanlights labeled for your clime zone. To measure up for the excess benefits of Comfort Advantage Plus, select a window with a Solar Heat Gain Coefficient ( SHGC ) of.35 or lower. This ensures extra protection from solar heat come ining the place ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.efficientwindows.org/index.cfm ) . Light ENERGY STAR qualified illuming provides warm bright visible radiation but uses 75 per centum less energy and produces 75 per centum less heat ( Journal of Light Construction ( for builders or contractors ) , 2008 ) . Both bulbs and illuming fixtures exposing the ENERGY STAR label can be used ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energystar.gov ) . Lighting histories for about 20 % of the entire electricity demand in the state, and is a major constituent of the peak burden. The bulk of illuming demands in the state are met by incandescent bulbs, peculiarly in the family sector, which are highly energy inefficient as over 90 % of the electricity is converted into heat, and merely upto 10 % is used for illuming. CFLs provide an energy-efficient option to the incandescent lamp by utilizing one-fifth as much electricity as an incandescent lamp to supply the same degree of light. CFLs have about wholly penetrated the commercial market, and the gross revenues of CFLs in India have grown from about 20 million in 2003 to around 200 million in 2008. Statisticss by illuming association indicates that the incursion of Compact Fluorescent Lamps ( CFLs ) in family sector is merely approximately 5 % – 10 % ; the comparatively low incursion rate is mostly due to the high monetary value of the CFLs, which costs 8-10 times every bit much as incandescent bulbs. It is estimated that about 400 million light points in India today are lighted by incandescent bulbs ; their replacing by CFLs would take to a decrease of over 10,000 MW in electricity demand. This would non merely cut down emanations by manner of efficient terminal usage of electricity, but would besides ensue in the decrease of extremum burden in the state which presently faces a deficit of upto 15 % . The Conference of Chief Ministers on Power Sector chaired by the Hon'ble Prime Minister on 28th May, 2007, recognized the important potency of salvaging electricity through its efficient usage by Demand Side Management intercessions which would supply immediate consequences for salvaging electricity. The intercessions resolved by the Conference include bulk procurance and distribution of CFLs ( to cut down costs ) , acceptance of Energy Conservation Building Code ( ECBC ) , advancing and mandating the usage of energy efficient pumps and other energy efficient and contraptions. The â€Å" Bachat Lamp Yojana † aims at the big scale replacing of incandescent bulbs in families by CFLs. It seeks to supply CFLs to households at the monetary value similar to that of incandescent bulbs and programs to use the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) ofthe Kyoto Protocol to retrieve the cost derived function between the market monetary value of the CFLs and the monetary value at which they are sold to families. The Bachat Lamp Yojana is designed as a public-private partnership between the Government of India, private sector CFL providers and State degree Electricity Distribution Companies ( DISCOMs ) . Under the strategy merely 60 Watt and 100 Watt incandescent Lamps will be replaced with 11- 15 Watt and 20 – 25 Watt CFLs severally. BEE will supervise the electricity nest eggs in each undertaking country in conformity with the monitoring methodological analysis prescribed by the Executive Board of the CDM. For this intent, BEE has developed smart metres based on GSM engineering that are fitted between the socket and the CFL in sample families in each undertaking country. The GSM based metre collects the information on hours of usage and energy consumed by the sample CFL and sends this information by SMS to the cardinal waiter. An independent bureau has already been selected for this occupation and metres have been installed in Vizag, Andhra Pradesh and Yamunagar, Haryana. Trial of these metres have been carried out in NABL accredited labs. It is expected that around 50 hundred thousand CFLs will be replaced in each DISCOM country. In order to cut down the dealing costs associated with the blessing of CDM undertakings, BEE has developed a Programme of Activities ( PoA ) which would function as an umbrella CDM undertaking, and would be registered with the CDM Executive Board. The single undertakings, designed to be in conformity with the umbrella undertaking, would be added to the umbrella undertaking as and when they are prepared. The development of the PoA is a voluntary action on the portion of BEE, and it would non seek any commercial or CDM grosss from the PoA. On the other manus, BEE will, on behalf of the Government of India take the duty of monitoring of all undertaking countries after the DISCOMs and the CFL providers have entered into a three-party understanding ( TP A ) with BEE. Solar Power Solar power is energy from the Sun. Solar engineerings convert visible radiation and heat from the Sun into utile energy. Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems convert sunlight into electricity. Thermal systems cod and shop solar heat for air and H2O warming applications. Concentrating solar power systems concentrate solar energy to drive large-scale electric power workss. Solar power systems produce small or no emanations and have a minimum impact on the environment. Photovoltaics PV power systems convert light from the Sun into electricity. PV cells are devices made of semiconducting stuffs similar to those used in computing machine french friess. When these devices are connected to an electrical circuit and exposed to visible radiation, they release negatrons that flow through the circuit, making an electric current. PV panels, are devices that contain a variable figure of PV cells and change over sunshine into direct current ( DC ) electricity. PV panels are typically incorporated into systems that combine batteries and electronic control equipment to supply full- clip DC and/or jumping current ( AC ) power. Typical applications include illuming, electronics, telecommunications, and small-scale H2O pumping.THE RATIONALE FOR PVSolar energy is the most abundant energy resource on Earth. The solar energy that hits the Earth ‘s surface in one hr is about the same as the sum consumed by all human activities in a twelvemonth. Direct transition of sunshine i nto electricity in PV cells is one of the three chief solar active engineerings, the two others being concentrating solar power ( CSP ) and solar thermic aggregators for warming and chilling ( SHC ) . Today, PV provides 0.1 % of entire planetary electricity coevals. However, PV is spread outing really quickly due to dramatic cost decreases. PV is a commercially available and dependable engineering with a important potency for long-run growing in about all universe parts ( Bank Sarasin, 2008 ) .Technology public presentation and costPV systems straight convert solar energy into electricity. The basic edifice block of a PV system is the PV cell, which is a semiconducting material device that converts solar energy into direct-current ( DC ) electricity. PV cells are interconnected to organize a PV faculty, typically up to 50-200 Watts ( W ) . The PV faculties combined with a set of extra application-dependent system constituents ( e.g. inverters, batteries, electrical constituents, and mounting systems ) , organize a PV system. PV systems are extremely modular, i.e. faculties can be linked together to supply power runing from a few Watts to 10s of megawatts ( MW ) . Commercial PV faculties may be divided into two wide classs: wafer based c-Si and thin movies. There are a scope of emerging engineerings, including concentrating photovoltaics ( CPV ) and organic solar cells, every bit good as fresh constructs with important possible for public presentation addition and cost decrease ( Fthenakis V. et al. , 2008 ) . The big assortment of PV applications allows for a scope of different engineerings to be present in the market, from low-cost, lower efficiency engineerings to high-efficiency engineerings at higher cost. Conversion efficiency, defined as the ratio between the produced electrical power and the sum of incident solar energy per second, is one of the chief public presentation indexs of PV cells and faculties. PV systems can be connected to the public-service corporation grid or operated in stand-alone applications. They can besides be used in building-integrated systems ( BIPV ) 2. The investing costs of PV systems are still comparatively high, although they are diminishing quickly as a consequence of engineering betterments and economic systems of volume and graduated table. High investing costs, or entire system costs, represent the most of import barrier to PV deployment today ( Jager-Waldau, A. , 2008 ) . Associated levelised electricity coevals costs from PV systems depend to a great extent on two factors: the sum of annually sunlight irradiation ( and associated capacity factor ) , and the interest/ price reduction rate. PV systems do non hold traveling parts, so operating and care ( O & A ; M ) costs are comparatively little, estimated at around 1 % of capital investing per twelvemonth. The corresponding coevals costs for residential PV systems ranged from USD 360-720 /MWh, depending on the relevant incident solar energy. While these residential costs are really high, it should be noted that residential PV systems provide electricity at the distribution grid degree. Therefore they compete with electricity grid retail monetary values, which, in a figure of OECD states, can besides be really high ( Moehlecke, A. and Zanesco, I. , 2007 ) . Solar Water Heating Systems Solar H2O heating systems, such as the 1s pictured in China ‘s Yunnan Province, consist of a solar aggregator and a storage armored combat vehicle. The aggregator is typically a rectangular box with a transparent screen, through which pipes run, transporting H2O that is heated by the Sun. The pipes are attached to an absorber home base, which is painted black to absorb the heat. As the Sun ‘s heat warms the aggregator, the H2O is heated and passed to the storage armored combat vehicle, which shops the hot H2O heated for domestic usage. As explained by the National Renewable Energy Laboratories, â€Å" Solar H2O heating systems can be either active or inactive. Active systems rely on pumps to travel the liquid between the aggregator and the storage armored combat vehicle, while inactive systems rely on gravitation and the inclination for H2O to of course go around as it is heated ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geoexchange.org ) .System design and sizeSizing of resid ential solar H2O heating systems is by and large easy: the regulation of pollex is 20-gallons per individual for the first two people and 15-gallons for each extra individual in the house.The RETScreen International Clean Energy Project Analysis Software15 is an advanced and alone energy consciousness, determination support and capacity edifice tool. It consists of standardised and incorporate undertaking analysis package that can be used worldwide to measure the energy production, life-cycle costs and nursery gas emanation decreases for assorted types of proposed energy efficient and renewable energy engineerings compared to conventional energy systems ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeenergysaver.lbl.gov/ ) .Market tendenciesThe planetary PV market has experienced vivacious growing for more than a decennary with an mean one-year growing rate of 40 % . The cumulative installed PV power capacity has grown from 0.1GW in 1992 to 14 GW in 2008 ( Navigant, 2009 ) . Market end-use sectors There are four end-use sectors with distinguishable markets for PV: Utility graduated table systems ( get downing at 1 MW, mounted on edifices or straight on the land ) Off-grid applications ( changing sizes ) Residential systems ( typically up to 20 kilowatts systems on single places ) Commercial systems ( typically up to 1 MW systems for commercial office edifices, schools, infirmaries, and retail ) The bulk of grid-connected systems are installed as BIPV systems. However, ground-mounted large- graduated table installings with a coevals capacity in the 10s of megawatts have gained a considerable market portion in recent old ages. As a consequence, off-grid PV systems now constitute less than 10 % of the entire PV market ; nevertheless, such applications still remain of import in distant countries and in developing states that lack electricity substructure. India India has a big and diversified PV industry dwelling of 10s to the full vertically incorporate makers doing solar cells, solar panels and complete PV systems, and around 50 assembly programs of assorted sorts. Together, these companies supply about 200 MW per twelvemonth of 30 different types of PV systems in three classs – rural, distant country and industrial. However, despite this strong industrial base, PV constitutes a little portion of India ‘s installed power coevals capacity, with 2.7 MW grid- connected systems and 1.9 MW stand-alone systems in 2008 ( Banerjee, 2008 ) . There have been a figure of high-ranking authorities enterprises that have provided new impulse for PV deployment in India, including: The 2008 Action Plan on Climate Change included a â€Å" National Solar Mission † In 2008, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ( MNRE ) established Generation Based Incentives ( GBI ) programme. The Eleventh Five-Year Plan ( 2007-12 ) proposed solar RD & A ; D support of INR 4 billion ( 86.4M USD ) .CO2 emanations decreaseThe deployment of PV will lend significantly to the reduced C strength of electricity coevals. Taking into history the different mean CO2 emanations of electricity production mixes in different universe parts, and utilizing the BLUE Map scenario mean long-run emanation decrease coefficients for the power sector, the 4 500 TWh generated by PV in 2050 is expected to salvage 2.3 Gt of CO2 emanations on an one-year footing worldwide, about twice that predicted in the BLUE Map scenario. This corresponds to about 5 % of the sum avoided CO2 emanations ( 48 Gt ) from all engineering countries projected in the ETP 2008 BLUE Map Scenario with regard to the Baseline Scenario. Over the period 2008-2050, the estimated cumulative nest eggs are around 100 Gt of CO2 ( Zweibel, K. , Mason, J. and Fthenakis, V. , 2008 ) . Strategic ends and mileposts Achieving the deployment way outlined in this roadmap will necessitate a important investing by authorities and industry in effectual engineering development and policy execution. This subdivision identifies short- , mid- and long-run engineering ends and mileposts and related key R & A ; D issues.Technology tendenciesAn overview of the different PV engineerings and constructs under development are summarized below. Crystalline Si Today, the huge bulk of PV faculties ( 85 % to 90 % of the planetary one-year market ) are based on wafer-based c-Si. Crystalline Si PV faculties are expected to stay a dominant PV engineering until at least 2020. This is due to their proven and dependable engineering, long life-times, and abundant primary resources. The chief challenge for c-Si faculties is to better the efficiency and effectivity of resource ingestion through stuffs decrease, improved cell constructs and mechanization of fabrication. Thin movies Thin movies are made by lodging highly thin beds of light-sensitive stuffs in the micrometre ( I?m ) scope on a low-priced backup such as glass, unstained steel or plastic. The chief advantages of thin movies are their comparatively low ingestion of natural stuffs, high mechanization and production efficiency, easiness of edifice integrating and improved visual aspect, good public presentation at high ambient temperature, and decreased sensitiveness to overheating. The current drawbacks are lower efficiency and the industry ‘s limited experience with lifetime public presentations. II-VI semiconducting material thin movies CdTe cells are a type of II-VI semiconducting material thin movie and have a comparatively simple production procedure, leting for lower production costs. CdTe engineering has achieved the highest production degree of all the thin movie engineerings. It besides has an energy payback clip of eight months, the shortest clip among all bing PV engineerings. For CIGS cells, the fiction procedure is more demanding and consequences in higher costs and efficiencies compared to CdTe cells. Today, CdTe has achieved a dominant place amongst thin movie in footings of market portion and has a market-leading cost-per W. Emerging engineerings Emerging PV engineerings comprise advanced inorganic thin movie engineerings ( e.g. Si, CIS ) every bit good as organic solar cells. Organic solar cells are potentially low cost engineerings that are about to do their market entryway for niche applications. Another emerging PV engineering is based on the construct of thermo-photovoltaics whereby a high efficiency PV cell is combined with a thermic radiation beginning. Novel PV constructs Novel PV concepts purpose at accomplishing ultra-high- efficiency solar cells by developing active beds which best lucifer the solar spectrum or which modify the entrance solar spectrum. Both attacks build on advancement in nanotechnology and nano-materials. Concentrator engineerings ( CPV ) All PV engineerings described so far are alleged flat-plate engineerings which use the of course available sunshine. As an option, direct solar radiation can be concentrated by optical agencies and used in concentrator solar cell engineerings. Water: India faces a despairing state of affairs of H2O deficit. Its fragile and finite H2O resources are consuming while the demands for H2O from assorted sectors of the economic system are quickly lifting. In recent old ages, the industrial and domestic sectors have realized this disparity in the supply and demand. The per capita handiness of H2O in India has been reduced from 5277 three-dimensional meters in 1995 to 1970 three-dimensional metres now. This is projected to cut down farther to about 1000-1700 three-dimensional metres by 2025, doing India a H2O stressed state. At the same clip, demand for H2O continues to turn and will turn 40 % from 750 bcm to 1050 bcm by 2025. Tamil Nadu receives most of its rainfall during the two monsoon seasons, viz. the South West Monsoon and the North East Monsoon seasons. The North East Monsoon brings an norm of 431.1 to 552.7 millimeter of rainfall while the south west monsoon brings an norm of 287.6 to 335.5 millimeter rainfall harmonizing to the meteoric Department records of 2008-2009. The distribution of rainfall in winter and summer is good below the 150mm grade and hence the province faces H2O deficits during most of the twelvemonth. However, if the H2O from the monsoon is expeditiously harvested, it can be channeled for usage during the rainless summers and winters so that H2O ingestion can be managed expeditiously. The tabular array below gives a image of the distribution of rainfall among the cardinal territories of the province. Rainfall is non unvarying within the province as it varies with the geographical location of the territories within the province. The hilly Nilgiris territory receives the most rainfall of over 1800 millimeter. the coastal territories stand following with rainfall ranging over 1400 millimeter in Cuddalore, Nagapattinam and Thiruvarur, and over 1200mm in Kancheepuram, Kanyakumari and Thanjavur, over 1000 millimeter in Chennai, Salem, Villupuram, Thiruvallur and Ramanathapuram. The other territories received rainfall less than or above 800 millimeters harmonizing to the existent rainfall recorded in the aforementioned territories during the twelvemonth 2008-2009 by the Meteorological Survey Department, Chennai.DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICTS BY RANGE OF RAINFALL 2008-09Safe imbibing H2O is linked closely to the wellbeing of human life. In India, the primary beginnings of imbi bing H2O, that include surface H2O and groundwater, are contaminated by different physical drosss, agricultural and industrial wastes and belowground chemicals and minerals. The undermentioned graph gives the position of H2O supply in the territories of tamilnadu. Although most of the countries are covered with consistent warer supply, there are ruddy aeras in every territory that indicate substructure spreads or shortages in supply. As a province, Tamil Nadu is in famine of H2O and hence stringent steps are required to conserve and efficient ; y use bing resources. Archaeological grounds attests to the gaining control of rainwater as far back as 4,000 old ages ago, and the construct of rainwater harvest home in China may day of the month back 6,000 old ages. Ruins of cisterns built every bit early as 2000 B.C. for hive awaying overflow from hillsides for agricultural and domestic intents are still standing in Israel ( Gould and Nissen-Petersen, 1999 ) . Advantages and benefits of rainwater reaping are legion ( Krishna, 2003 ) . The H2O is free ; the lone cost is for aggregation and usage. The terminal usage of harvested H2O is located near to the beginning, extinguishing the demand for complex and dearly-won distribution systems. Rainwater provides a H2O beginning when groundwater is unacceptable or unavailable, or it can augment limited groundwater supplies. Rainwater is sodium-free, of import for individuals on low-sodium diets. Rainwater is superior for landscape irrigation. Rainwater reaping reduces flow to ramp H2O drains and besides reduces non-point beginning pollution. Rainwater reaping helps public-service corporations cut down the summer demand extremum and hold enlargement of bing H2O intervention workss. Rainwater reaping reduces consumers ‘ public-service corporation measures. In a residential or small-scale application, rainwater harvest home can be every bit simple as imparting rain running off an unguttered roof to a planted landscape country via contoured landscape. To forestall eroding on aslant surfaces, a bermed concave keeping country down incline can hive away H2O for direct usage by turfgrass or workss ( Waterfall, 1998 ) . More complex systems include troughs, pipes, storage armored combat vehicles or cisterns, filtrating, pump ( s ) , and H2O intervention for drinkable usage. Overall supply and demand scenario over 2006 Wind power potency in India Break-out of Installed Base of Electricity Generation from Wind Energy, By State, in 2006 Beginning: TERI Energy Data and Year Book 2006 Bagasse-based Co-generation Potential in Indai by State Beginning: Alliance of Indian Industry, † Baground Paper † 1st India Clean Tech Forum, August 3,2007 National Biomass power Estimation for Tamil Nadu Beginning: Government of India ministry of new and renewable energy hypertext transfer protocol: //mnes.nic.in

All About the Regular French Verb Laisser (Leave)

All About the Regular French Verb Laisser (Leave) Laisser  (to leave, to lose) is a regular -er verb that shares conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods with every other regular French verb ending in -er,  by far the largest group of French verbs.  Laisser is commonly used as a semi-auxiliary verb as well as a pronominal verb. Meaning No. 1: to Leave Laisser is a transitive verb  that takes a direct object  and means to leave something or someone.   Peux-tu me laisser de largent  ?   Could you leave me some money?  Je vais laisser la porte ouverte.   Im going to leave the door open.  Cela me laisse perplexe.   That leaves me perplexed.  Au revoir, je te laisse.   Good-bye, Im going/leaving.  Laisse, je vais le faire.   Leave it, Ill do it. Laisser is one of five verbs in French that mean to leave, and English speakers tend to confuse them. These are the essential differences: Laisser  means to leave something.Partir  is the most straightforward and simply means to leave in a general sense.Sen aller  is more or less interchangeable with  partir,  but it has the slightly informal nuance of going away.Sortir  means to go out.Quitter  means to leave someone or something, often implying a prolonged separation. Meaning No. 2: to Lose Laisser less commonly means to lose something. Notice the verb continues to be transitive in this sense; it still takes a direct object. Il a laissà © un bras dans laccident.   He lost an arm in the accidentElle a failli laisser sa vie hier.   She almost lost her life yesterday. Laisser As a  Semi-Auxiliary  Verb When laisser is followed by an infinitive, it means to let (someone) do (something).   Il ma laissà © sortir.   He let me go out.Laisse-le jouer.   Let him play. Laisser as a  Pronominal Verb Se laisser plus infinitive means to let oneself be(come), as in: Il sest laissà © persuader. He let himself be persuaded.Ne te laisse pas dà ©courager  !   Dont let yourself get discouraged! Expressions with Laisser Laisser  is used in a number of idiomatic expressions, including: laisser tomber   to dropLaissez-moi rire.  Ã‚  Dont make me laugh.Laisse faire.  Ã‚  Never mind! / Dont bother!On ne va pas le laisser faire sans rà ©agir  !  Ã‚  Were not going to let him get away with that! Laisser As  a Regular French -er Verb The majority of French verbs are  regular  -er  verbs, as laisser  is. (There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular  -er, -ir, -re  verbs; stem-changing verbs; and irregular verbs.) To conjugate a regular French  -er  verb, remove the -er  ending from the infinitive  to reveal the verbs stem. Then add the regular  -er  endings to the stem. Note that regular  -er  verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. The same endings in the table can be applied to any of the regular French  -er  verbs listed below the table. Note that the following conjugation table includes simple conjugations only. Compound conjugations, which consist of a conjugated form of the auxiliary verb avoir  and the past participle laissà ©, are not included. Simple Conjugations of the Regular -er- Verb Laisser Present Future Imperfect Present participle je laisse laisserai laissais laissant tu laisses laisseras laissais il laisse laissera laissait nous laissons laisserons laissions vous laissez laisserez laissiez ils laissent laisseront laissaient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle laiss Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je laisse laisserais laissai laissasse tu laisses laisserais laissas laissasses il laisse laisserait laissa laisst nous laissions laisserions laissmes laissassions vous laissiez laisseriez laisstes laissassiez ils laissent laisseraient laissrent laissassent Imperative tu laisse nous laissons vous laissez More Common French Regular -er Verbs Here are just a few of the most common regular-er verbs: *All regular  -er  verbs are conjugated according to the  regular  -er  verb conjugation pattern, except for one small  irregularity in verbs  that end in  -ger  and  -cer,  known as  spelling-change verbs.**Though conjugated just like regular  -er  verbs, watch out for verbs that end in  -ier. aimer  Ã‚  to like, to lovearriver  Ã‚  to arrive, to happenchanter  Ã‚  to singchercher  Ã‚  to look forcommencer*  Ã‚  to begindanse  Ã‚  to dancedemander  Ã‚  to ask fordà ©penser  Ã‚  to spend (money)dà ©tester  Ã‚  to hatedonner  Ã‚  to giveà ©couter  Ã‚  to listen toà ©tudier**  Ã‚  to studyfermer  Ã‚  to closegoà »te  Ã‚  to tastejouer  Ã‚  to playlaver  Ã‚  to washmanger*  Ã‚  to eatnager*  Ã‚  to swimparler  Ã‚  to talk, to speakpasse  Ã‚  to pass, spend (time)penser  Ã‚  to thinkporter  Ã‚  to wear, to carryregarder  Ã‚  to watch, to look atrà ªver  Ã‚  to dreamsembler  Ã‚  to seemskier**  Ã‚  to skitravailler  Ã‚  to worktrouve  Ã‚  to findvisiter  Ã‚  to visit (a place)voler  Ã‚  to fly, to steal

Free Essays on Marketing Strategies

By: bareerah burki Four basic categories define the business market: 1. the commercial market 2. trade industries 3. government organizations 4. institutions Commercial markets include individuals and firms that acquire goods and services to support, directly or indirectly, production of other goods and services. Example: When Lufthansa buys aircraft built by the European consortium Airbus Industry, when Sara Lee purchases wheat to mill into flour for an ingredient in its cakes. Trade industries include retailers or whole sellers that purchase products for resale to others. Example: retail meat markets may carry out bulk purchases of sides of beef and then cut individual pieces for their customers. Institutions include a wide range of organizations, such as hospitals, churches, nursing homes, colleges and universities, museums and not: state universities. Government organizations include domestic units of government: national defense or pollution control. Q2. What are the characteristics of the commerc ial market? Show how each characteristic affects the marketing strategies of firms serving that market. The commercial market is the largest segment of the business market. It includes all individuals and firms that acquire goods and services to supports directly or indirectly, production of other goods and services. Some products aid in producing another good or service. Others are physically used up in the production of a good or service. Still others contribute to the firms day to day operations. Q3. What are the SIC codes? How do the marketers use these codes? Standard Industries Classification codes are the US government classification system that subsides the business market place into detailed market segments. Businesses use SIC code data for more then segmentation. These codes also help them to estimate the demand and forecast s... Free Essays on Marketing Strategies Free Essays on Marketing Strategies By: bareerah burki Four basic categories define the business market: 1. the commercial market 2. trade industries 3. government organizations 4. institutions Commercial markets include individuals and firms that acquire goods and services to support, directly or indirectly, production of other goods and services. Example: When Lufthansa buys aircraft built by the European consortium Airbus Industry, when Sara Lee purchases wheat to mill into flour for an ingredient in its cakes. Trade industries include retailers or whole sellers that purchase products for resale to others. Example: retail meat markets may carry out bulk purchases of sides of beef and then cut individual pieces for their customers. Institutions include a wide range of organizations, such as hospitals, churches, nursing homes, colleges and universities, museums and not: state universities. Government organizations include domestic units of government: national defense or pollution control. Q2. What are the characteristics of the commerc ial market? Show how each characteristic affects the marketing strategies of firms serving that market. The commercial market is the largest segment of the business market. It includes all individuals and firms that acquire goods and services to supports directly or indirectly, production of other goods and services. Some products aid in producing another good or service. Others are physically used up in the production of a good or service. Still others contribute to the firms day to day operations. Q3. What are the SIC codes? How do the marketers use these codes? Standard Industries Classification codes are the US government classification system that subsides the business market place into detailed market segments. Businesses use SIC code data for more then segmentation. These codes also help them to estimate the demand and forecast s...

How to Read a Meniscus in Lab Measurements

How to Read a Meniscus in Lab Measurements The meniscus is the curve seen at the top of a liquid in response to its container. The meniscus can be either concave or convex, depending on the surface tension of the liquid and adhesion to the wall of the container. A concave meniscus occurs when the molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to the container than to each other. The liquid appears to stick to the edge of the container. Most liquids, including water, present a concave meniscus. A convex meniscus (sometimes called a backwards meniscus) is produced when the molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to each other than to the container. A good example of this shape of meniscus may be seen with mercury in a glass container. In some cases, the meniscus appears flat (e.g., water in some plastics). This makes taking measurements easy! How to Take Measurements With a Meniscus When you read a scale on the side of a container with a meniscus, such as a graduated cylinder or volumetric flask, its important that the measurement accounts for the meniscus. Measure so that the line you are reading is even with the center of the meniscus. For water and most liquids, this is the bottom of the meniscus. For mercury, take the measurement from the top of the meniscus. In either case, you are measuring based on the center of the meniscus. For a flat meniscus, make sure the liquid is level. Usually placing the container on a lab bench does the trick. You wont be able to take an accurate reading looking up at the liquid level or down into it. Get eye-level with the meniscus. You can either pick up the glassware to bring it up to your level or else bend down to take measurements in situations where youre concerned with dropping the container or spilling its contents. Use the same method to take measurements each time so that any errors you make will be consistent. Fun Fact: The word meniscus comes from the Greek word for crescent. This makes good sense, considering the shape of a meniscus. In case youre wondering, the plural of meniscus is menisci!

Planning and Budgeting for Women Cancer Foundation Term Paper

Planning and Budgeting for Women Cancer Foundation - Term Paper Example In most states, business registration information is found from the office of the secretary of state. As in the case of this business, the name of the business is Women Cancer Foundation which will be identified by all clients (Miller et al., 2006). The healthcare business also needs exceptional license or authentication which will comprise of an assessment of a background scrutiny on the partners or individuals operating the business. This will be followed by getting into contact with the insurance companies to acquire covers for liability and malpractice. There is no business that can operate or make service decisions without considering the insurance covers taken for the healthcare facility. The insurance and registration charges can be recognized in a budget as constant or fixed costs but can also be charged on a monthly or annual basis (Nah & Osifo-Dawodu, 2007). Another important aspect is the estimation of the probable revenue for the hospital. The source of revenue might incl ude donations from international health non-governmental organizations, patient charges, insurance credits and tax reliefs. Before the services can be priced, all these revenues must be estimated to find the best fair price for the specific services. The policy makers must deduct a fraction of the bills to the patient that might not be collected, charity work anticipated by the health facility and the work it does. Moreover, the expected expenses must be figured out beginning with the visible facility. It must be determined the cost of setting up the structures, the maintenance costs of every department , the utilities and the costs of acquiring special equipment and the amount that will be used per day on each patient. In addition, the costs of maintaining some of the non-medical facilities must be determined which also include advertising g costs. However, care and due diligence must be excised to avoid passing all the costs to the patient with the main intention of accumulating p rofits. There are those cancer patients who cannot meet the costs of medication available given the state of economic recession that hits everyone within the nation (Nah & Osifo-Dawodu, 2007). There are factors to consider when planning and making essential decisions within the healthcare centre. It is required that the management must be familiar with the cost of staff. It must be noted that the staff and other employees who comprise of the consultants and contracts outsourced such as laundry and staffing of nursing need to be paid and given other allowances. The fringe benefits must be determined to ease out the process of budgeting. all the costs of beds, the number of hours worked for every staff and number of hours spent by patients on the beds must be determined inclusive of the costs of replacement of the beds must be factored in the budget and planning process (Wolper, 2004). Most importantly, the costs of expansion must also be factored in. The health care facility must pla n as to whether their facilities might be renovated or new ones put in place. The potential benefits of the expansion must be considered to prevent erecting redundant structures. Thus the revenue must be estimated when doing a plan for the budget. This will also involve space for the parking garage, landscaping costs, window cleaning washing and grounds men. Besides, the funds set aside for emergency services must also be considered to enable the

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Solutions to obesity - Essay Example This essay "Solutions to obesity" describes the problem of obesity, major causes and also focuses on the way how to prevent it. It is imperative to fight the condition of obesity on the priority basis, not only to induce good health but also to prevent the onset of dreaded diseases in the society. Physical ailments are distressing and take away the mental well being of the individual leading to psychological predicaments. Essentially, devising solution to the condition of obesity is the priority to prevent the creation of detrimental, unattractive and pricey society which squanders too much money on excess and processed food. As with time, health care costs are mounting, together with the cost of processed or fatty food awareness should be generated in the mob towards healthy eating. However, there is not a solo and simple solution to obesity epidemic and therefore solution to obesity relies on the combined efforts of states, society, schools and parents by opting healthy food choice for children, youngsters and families. It is essential that school food options for breakfast and lunch are healthy as well as appealing. Introduction of fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, whole grains and simultaneous reduction of the access to calorific, high-fat or high sugar containing food items. Using cafeteria to improve awareness for healthy food choice to build an environment where healthy eating is promoted. Seek student input for their eating plans and habits either in the form of discussions, classroom activities or contests.

Consider the functions of directors,company secretaries, auditors and Essay - 1

Consider the functions of directors,company secretaries, auditors and shareholders. In what ways do they contribute to the operation of both private and public limited companies - Essay Example Therefore the given essay analyses the role of all these four groups of actors (directors, company secretaries, auditors and shareholders) in order to demonstrate the importance of each of them in operation of both private and public companies. Firstly, directors are the key actors for the company’s performance on market. In general, they are important because they create the policy of the company (Osemeke, 2014). In the circumstances of either private or public limited company, this role changes only slightly. In fact, private company may have sole director, while public limited company needs two or more directors (Rosenfalck, 2013). In addition, Directors Board becomes the only significant representative, if there is no existing controlling stakeholder in the company (Davies, 2010). Frequently, this situation appears in private companies (Rosenfalck, 2013). Furthermore, the directors of the company are trained to act their instructions or directions. For example, when there is a serious loss in capital of public company, directors have to gather an extraordinary general meeting not later than 56 days from the day of half or less capital reduction (Rosenfalck, 2013). According to Osemeke, (2014), failures and bankr uptcies of the company are mostly to result an ineffective directors board. In this context, ineffective work of the board has been shown in a recent failures of big companies like Enron and HIH (Convill and Bagaric, 2004). Moreover, Davies (2010) said that directors should care and promote the company’s success and do independent actions. In fact, directors of public companies must be sure that they hire competent company secretary (Rosenfalck, 2013). Among the main flaws of directors that have a direct effect on the company’s performance, according to Osemeke (2014) â€Å"lack of training and induction

Policy Problem in Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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International Business(Singapore) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Research methods on financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Policy Problem in Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy Problem in Public Policy - Essay Example The true character of a policy problem may be revealed in policy evaluation – therefore the two are complementary to each other’s existence. In this context, we will further discuss the nature of a policy problem with an example. As far as the income policy in the US goes, there has been an increasing trend towards inequality in recent decades. In this regard, there have been large changes in U.S. tax rules over time. These changes have gone ahead to make a considerable difference to what is reported as income on individual tax returns. With these tax changes encouraging thousands of businesses to switch from filing under the corporate tax system to filing under the individual tax system, various studies of inequality that are founded on tax return data invariably end up excluding transfer payments, which results in exaggerating the shares of income received by those at the top by ignoring growing amounts of income at the bottom. This may be defined as the basic policy problem in the US income policy. With a consistent fall in the top tax rates on wages or capital gains, there has been an increase in the reported incomes, where a larger percentage of the incomes of those at the top tend to feature in the tax returns.

Research methods on financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research methods on financial management - Essay Example This paper analysis the Fishers hypothesis using data for the UK over the last 20 years, the main aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between interest rate and inflation, the main aim of this analysis is to show that real interest rate is equal to expected inflation rate plus nominal interest rates, the paper also analysis the underlying theories that depict the relationship between the variables. Interest rates and inflation are important economic variables, high levels inflation in an economy shows that there is something wrong in the economy and policy makers will try and reduce the high inflation rate. However the Fishers model may not hold in the short run given that the policy makers may alter interest rates in the short run, a study by Yuhn (1996) showed that the relationship between interest rate and inflation was stronger over the long run than in the short run. The Fishers hypothesis depicts that nominal interest rates do not depend on monetary policy measures and that there is a positive relationship between nominal interest rate and the expected inflation rate. The Fisher hypothesis model states that real interest rate is equal to nominal interest rate plus expected inflation rate stated as R = I + ÃŽ  e where R is real interest rate, ÃŽ  e is the expected inflation rate and I is nominal interest rate. The Fishers hypothesis model is also stated as I =ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²ÃŽ  et where I is nominal interest rate and ÃŽ  et is expected inflation. The value of ÃŽ ² is expected to be positive and a value of ÃŽ ² = 1 shows the strong version of the Fishers hypothesis. The paper analysis the correlation between the variables and help identify whether there is a strong positive relationship between inflation and nominal interest rate, however the correlation coefficient value only shows how two variables move together and this means that there is need to run a regression model that states the

The Flesh and the Spirit Essay Example for Free

The Flesh and the Spirit Essay Anne Bradstreet’s poem â€Å"The Flesh and the Spirit† shows us the duality of man that her audience was having to deal with at the spiritual level. While this poem was written back in 1643 it still shows us as Christians what we have come from and how easy it would be to go back to a life of the â€Å"flesh†. This poem also goes about giving us details about what we should be striving for and what we have to look forward to if we strive toward the real or ultimate goals or rather possessions. The poem is written in two different parts starting with the ways and things of the flesh, that being material possessions that are for our enjoyment here on earth. The second part consists of more spiritual based â€Å"possessions† and also chastises the sister living among the earthly treasures she has laid up for herself. The poem is written in iambic tetrameter meaning that each line has a total of eight syllables. Bradstreet writes this poem full of metaphors and is very illustrative with the language that she wrote it in. Bradstreet was a Puritan and this poem is filled with religious symbolism and references that would be apparent to her readers. At the start of the poem the first sister is called â€Å"Flesh† and while this sister is very materialistic she wants her sister to enjoy some of the pleasures that she enjoys. The part of Flesh is from lines 10-37 to which she is going on about the wonders that this world has to offer. Lines like â€Å"Hast treasures there laid up in store† (16) and â€Å"Art fancy sick, or turn a sot† (18) show us that Flesh is interested in things such as the treasures and art this world has to offer. Flesh tells us that there is more gold, silver and pearls than anyone can imagine here on earth and she basically is insisting that her sister take up some of the riches that are around. The way that Flesh talks to her sister is similar to the way that Satan talked to Jesus in the wilderness. Flesh is telling Spirit all the wonderful things of this earth and tells her sister that she will be happy if she acquires some of these indulgences. This was also the case when Satan showed Jesus all the things of earth that he could have if Jesus would worship him. There are even some apparent sins that Flesh tries to temp Spirit with such as in line â€Å"And trophies to thy name erect† (27).This line in the poem is basically the temptation to worship idols. This notion is backed up by the previous line â€Å"As some of their immortal fame† (26) suggests that people are worshiping these trophies. Flesh’s final statement â€Å"For things unknown, only in mind† is almost a taunt to her sister because she knows what her sister has or is working towards is for her heavenly life. That line basically tells Spirit that she has nothing to show for her life and what she claims to have is all imaginary. This is something that Jesus was faced with throughout his time here on earth from the time that he was in the desert to the cross Jesus had to have faith in what he was doing was going to get Him and us a heavenly life with nothing to show for it here on earth. The second part of this poem is what Spirit has to say to her sister about the things she was told to get and what she has been working for all her life. Much like Jesus in the wilderness telling Satan to get away from him, Spirit tells flesh to leave her alone and not tempt her with these worldly things, â€Å"Disturb no more my settled heart† (38). In lines 55-65 Spirit is telling Flesh that the things that Flesh finds appealing are things that Spirit hates. Spirit is not tempted with riches or honors. She is not looking for pleasure in people worshiping her or even the gold, silver and pearls. In fact, Spirits says â€Å"My crown not diamonds, pearls, and gold/ But such as angels’ heads infold† (ll.83-84). Spirit continues rebuking Flesh about how vanity is not what is to be sought after. Spirit may not have silk garments here on earth but in heaven she will have royal robes â€Å"More glorious than the glist’ring sun† (82). Spirit tells us the difference between the places in which she and her sister are trying to accumulate their possessions for and tells us the importance of choosing the correct destination. â€Å"The city where I hope to dwell† (85) is talking about Spirits desire to live in God’s holy city and that this city, â€Å"There’s none on earth can parallel† (86), is absolutely better that the best places here on earth. Lines 87-104 is the description of the city and how the most precious gems and metals that we have here on earth are the basic building blocks for the city and its landscape. It continues telling us that there is no night and day which alludes to time no longer being a factor. Spirit also describes there being no sickness and with that no more death. This part ends with â€Å"But beauty shall be bright and clear† (104) which goes back to what Flesh trying to get Spirit to get nicer cloths and jewelry so that people would see her as attracti ve. Although Spirit and Flesh are sisters, they are very different in every aspect of life and are basic mirrors of each other showing the duality that man has with God. In lines 40-54 Spirit is describing her relationship with her sister. While they are sisters Spirit considers Flesh to be her enemy which she is constantly fighting. She continues to say that even though they are twins they don’t have the same father (figuratively). Flesh is born from old Adam, which implies that she is worldly and is looking for the things to make her time here on earth more pleasant, such as Adam did when he disobeyed God to be with Eve. Spirit says that her Father is above, giving reference that God is her father and that is why she will stay away from the things of Flesh so that she will be able to be with her Father. This poem does end on a solemn note, while Spirit has just described this amazing place where she is going to be with her Father she tells Flesh that she is not going to be there because nothing that makes Flesh happy will be there. This is a reflection of how the Puritans and even many Christians that being of this world will end up costing you the chance to see the city referenced in the poem. The poem â€Å"The Flesh and the Spirit† is indeed a poem that describes the human condition of materialism and how it can consume and impact not only the mortal lives but also the eternal lives of the human race. Humanity must decide whether or not the city that is described in the poem is worth the sacrifice of material possessions in order to gain spiritual wealth. It must decide if it want to be in a place unaffected by time, death, and disease or if it simply wants to cover up its impurities with a faà §ade that will only last a short while.